Groundwater quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water that is stored underground in aquifers. This research area focuses on understanding and monitoring the quality of groundwater to ensure its suitability for human consumption, irrigation, industrial use, and environmental health. Factors that can affect groundwater quality include natural processes, such as geology and hydrology, as well as human activities, such as agriculture, industry, and urban development. Researchers in this field employ various techniques, such as water sampling and analysis, modeling, and remote sensing, to assess and manage groundwater quality to protect human health and the environment.